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Källor

14. Källförteckning#

Översiktsartiklar och State-of-the-Art Reviews#

  1. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A State-of-the-Art Review (ScienceDirect, 2026)
  2. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A State-of-the-Art Review (PubMed, 2026)
  3. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome – StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf)

Behandlingsstudier#

  1. Systematic literature review: treatment of POTS (Springer Nature, 2025)
  2. The evidence for treatments for POTS: a systematic review of randomized trials (ScienceDirect, 2025)
  3. The evidence for treatments for POTS: randomized trials (PubMed, 2025)

Pediatrisk POTS#

  1. Pediatric POTS: Where We Stand (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2022)
  2. Management of POTS in Pediatric Patients: A Clinical Review (PMC, 2024)
  3. Management of POTS in Pediatric Patients (PubMed, 2024)
  4. Update of Individualized Treatment Strategies for POTS in Children (PMC)
  5. Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Children: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management (PMC)
  6. Orthostatic Intolerance in Children With Long COVID (PubMed, 2024)
  7. Pediatric Dysautonomia and POTS – Children's National Hospital

Long COVID och post-infektioner#

  1. Characterization of POTS in Long COVID: LISTEN Study (JACC Advances, 2025)
  2. Current concepts in long COVID brain fog and POTS (Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 2024)
  3. POTS in post-COVID: platelet storage pool deficiency (Frontiers in Medicine, 2025)
  4. Stirring the POTS: Symptom Patterns in Long COVID (PMC, 2025)
  5. COVIVA-studien: ivabradin för Long COVID POTS (Frontiers in Neurology, 2025)
  6. COVID-19 and POTS: Is There a Link? (Johns Hopkins Medicine)
  7. ClinicalTrials.gov – NCT05481177 (Ivabradine for Long COVID POTS)

Immunterapi och autoimmunitet#

  1. Immunotherapies for POTS and Long COVID (Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2025)
  2. Characterisation of POTS: Findings from physician chart-audit pre- and post-COVID (PubMed, 2025)

POTS + EDS + MCAS – Genetisk trifekta#

  1. Association of POTS, Hypermobility Disorders, and MCAS in Young Patients (Frontiers in Neurology, 2025)
  2. One Gene Mutation Links Three Diseases – TPSAB1 (Ehlers Danlos Society)
  3. EDS, POTS and MCAS Linked by One Gene Mutation (Chronic Pain Partners)
  4. Relationship Between hEDS, POTS, and MCAS (PubMed)

Ortostatisk Hypotension#

  1. Ortostatisk hypotension – Sundhed.dk (Lägehåndboken)
  2. Behandling av ortostatisk hypotension – Medicin.dk
  3. Ortostatisk hypotension – Bispebjerg Hospital

NIH Konsensusrapporter#

  1. POTS: Priorities for care and research – NIH Expert Consensus Part 2 (PubMed)
  2. POTS: State of the science – NIH Expert Consensus Part 1 (PubMed)

Tillägg april 2026 (session 2)#

Pediatrisk POTS – individanpassad behandling#

  1. Individualized treatment strategies may be the key to managing pediatric POTS (News-Medical, 2025)
  2. New Insights Into Pediatric POTS: Tailored Therapies Improve Outcomes (Newswise)
  3. Predicting Therapeutic Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments in Children with POTS (MDPI Children, 2023)
  4. Medications for PoTS in Children – Child Heart Specialist
  5. Kennedy Krieger Institute – Pediatric POTS Clinic

Träningsprotokoll (CHOP, Dallas, Levine)#

  1. Exercise with POTS: Dallas, Levine, and CHOP Protocols (EDS Clinic)
  2. The CHOP Protocol and the science behind it (Empirical Health)
  3. POTS Exercises: CHOP, Dallas, Levine (Jim Harris MD)
  4. International POTS Registry: Exercise Training Efficacy (PubMed)
  5. Exercising with POTS – Standing Up to POTS

GPCR-autoimmunitet och immunologi#

  1. Autoimmune Antibodies in Orthostatic Intolerance Syndromes (PMC, 2025)
  2. POTS associated with elevated GPCR autoantibodies (JAHA, 2019)
  3. G protein-coupled receptors related to autoimmunity in POTS (Taylor & Francis, 2024)
  4. Circulating Autoantibodies Against Vasoactive Biomarkers in Long COVID (PMC, 2025)
  5. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Autoantibodies in POTS (PubMed, 2018)
  6. CellTrend Luckenwalde – POTS/CFS/ME/SFN autoantibody testing
  7. New evidence of autoimmunity in POTS – Dysautonomia International

Long COVID, viruspersistens och post-infektion#

  1. Scientists find immune cell linked to long COVID fatigue (ScienceDaily, mars 2026)
  2. Successful treatment of long-COVID POTS with epipharyngeal abrasive therapy (PMC, 2025)
  3. Long COVID in 2026: Is It Permanent? What New Research Reveals (Aaxcia Health)
  4. Long COVID Treatment in 2026 – RECOVER Trials Update (MDTalks)
  5. Insights into POTS after COVID-19 in pediatric patients (World Journal of Pediatrics, Springer, 2024)
  6. COVID-19 Induced POTS: A Review (PMC)

Tillägg april 2026 (session 3)#

Liten nervfiberneuropati (SFN) och diagnostik#

  1. Corneal Confocal Microscopy in POTS as a Diagnostic Tool for SFN (Cureus, 2025)
  2. CCM to Diagnose Peripheral Neuropathy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (European Journal of Neurology, 2025)
  3. High-dose long-term IVIG in autoimmune autonomic and sensory SFN (Scientific Reports, 2025)
  4. Immunoglobulin Therapy in Painful Small Fiber Neuropathy: A Systematic Review (PubMed, 2025)
  5. IVIG in Autoimmune Small Fiber Neuropathy with TS-HDS/FGFR-3/Plexin D1 Antibodies – RCT (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04153422)

Transkutan vagusnervstimuering (tVNS)#

  1. Vagus Nerve Stimulation As A Novel Therapy For POTS: A Systematic Review (2025)
  2. Short and long term effects of two-week tVNS in hyperadrenergic POTS: proof-of-concept (European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2025)
  3. Noninvasive VNS in POTS: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JACC Clinical Electrophysiology)
  4. Non-invasive VNS in POTS (PMC)
  5. Transdermal Auricular Vagus Stimulation for POTS (PMC)

Lågdos naltrexon (LDN)#

  1. Low-Dose Naltrexone for Managing Pain and Autonomic Symptoms in Dysautonomia (Cureus, 2025)
  2. Low-Dose Naltrexone for Managing Pain and Autonomic Symptoms in Dysautonomia – PMC
  3. Low Dose Naltrexone Prescribing Practices for Children and Adolescents with Long COVID (medRxiv, 2026)
  4. Low-Dose Naltrexone Use in POTS: A Case Series (PMC)
  5. Long COVID affects millions of children. The largest pediatric trial so far launches this year (19th News, 2026)
  6. RECOVER-TLC Clinical Trials (FNIH)

Sömnstörningar och cirkadisk rytm#

  1. Sleep disorders in patients with POTS: A review of the literature (Autonomic Neuroscience, 2018)
  2. Sleep Disturbances and Autonomic Dysfunction in POTS (PMC)
  3. Reconceptualizing POTS – the Autonomic Survival Response and sleep (Texas Center for Lifestyle Medicine)
  4. Circadian rhythm types and autonomic balance during sleep (Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2025)

POTS, ME/CFS och neuroimmunologi#

  1. POTS, ME/CFS and Long COVID as Neuroimmune Disorders (Frontiers in Neurology, nov 2025)
  2. Proteomic signatures in CSF in ME/CFS (Scientific Reports, 2026)
  3. Breakthrough blood test finally confirms ME/CFS (ScienceDaily, nov 2025)
  4. Blood-based diagnostic biomarkers for ME/CFS using EpiSwitch® (Journal of Translational Medicine, 2025)
  5. ME/CFS and POTS overview (The EDS Clinic)

Wearables och HRV#

  1. Postural autonomic profiling in hEDS-POTS with wearable technology (APS 2025)
  2. Validation of nocturnal HRV in consumer wearables (Physiological Reports, 2025)
  3. Resting HRV from consumer wearables in five longitudinal studies (Sensors, 2025)
  4. Heart Rate Variability Testing For POTS (GnarlyTree)
  5. Wearables and Medical Devices for POTS (The EDS Clinic)

Gut-hjärna-axeln, serotonin och dysautonomi#

  1. The impact of the gut microbiome and the ANS (DINET)
  2. Acute Hemodynamic Effects of SSRI in POTS: A Randomized Crossover Trial (PMC)
  3. Treatment of 95 post-Covid patients with SSRIs (Scientific Reports, 2023)
  4. THE BRAIN-GUT CONNECTION and dysautonomia (Franklin Cardiovascular)

Rehabilitering, skolåterkomst och diagnostisk fördröjning#

  1. POTS: Rehabilitation in Teens and Young Adults (Dysautonomia Project)
  2. Pain Management in Pediatric POTS (PMC)
  3. Long-Term POTS Outcomes Survey: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Clinical Outcomes (JAHA)
  4. Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Delays and Treatment Outcomes in POTS (Cureus, 2025)
  5. Dysautonomia International: Diagnostic Delay in POTS
  6. Occupational Therapy for POTS (OT Potential)

Ortostatisk hypotension – uppdaterade riktlinjer#

  1. Orthostatic Hypotension – StatPearls (NCBI)
  2. Orthostatic Hypotension: Management of a Complex Problem (Circulation: Arrhythmia and EP)
  3. Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension: State of the Art (PMC)
  4. Orthostatic Hypotension: A Practical Approach (AAFP, 2022)
  5. Pharmacological Interventions for OH – Systematic Review (Cureus)
  6. Management of Orthostatic Hypotension (PMC)
  7. Diagnosis and management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology)

MCAS, hypermobilitet och dysautonomi#

  1. Dysautonomia, Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders and MCAS (PubMed, 2023)
  2. Beyond Confirmed MCAS: Approaching Dysautonomia Patients (PubMed, 2024)
  3. MCAS and POTS: Clinical Association (JAHA)
  4. Association of POTS, Hypermobility and MCAS in Young Patients (PMC, 2025)
  5. Mast Cell Activation Simplified – The Dysautonomia Project
  6. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: An Up-to-date Review (PMC, 2024)

Svenskt och europeiskt forskningsläge#

  1. Preventionsanslaget 2025 – Hjärt-Lungfonden (Malmö POTS-studie)
  2. Fallstudie belyser POTS vid långtidscovid – Lunds universitet
  3. Svenska Covidföreningen – Webbinarium egenvård och rehab POTS
  4. Forskning kring POTS efter covid – Life-Time.se
  5. Ökad kunskap om postcovid och bättre behandling av barn – Regeringen.se

Ivabradin och farmakologi#

  1. Randomized Trial of Ivabradine in Hyperadrenergic POTS (JACC, 2021)
  2. Ivabradine in POTS – Review of the Literature (PMC)
  3. ClinicalTrials.gov – Crossover Propranolol vs Ivabradine in POTS (NCT04186286)

Tillägg april 2026 (session 4)#

Genetik och WES#

  1. The genetic landscape of pediatric POTS (Clinical Autonomic Research, 2025)
  2. Genetic landscape of pediatric POTS – PubMed
  3. Genetic landscape of pediatric POTS – PMC fulltext
  4. WES Study in Pediatric POTS – AHA Circulation Abstract
  5. Genetic landscape of pediatric POTS – medRxiv preprint

Ny subtyp OTHS#

  1. Orthostatic Tachycardia-Hypotensive Syndrome (OTHS): A Novel Form in the Young (Pediatric Cardiology, 2025)
  2. OTHS – PubMed
  3. Recent advances in orthostatic intolerance in children: International perspectives (Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2025)

Ny farmakologi 2026#

  1. Efgartigimod for Post-COVID POTS – Phase 2 (WithPower)
  2. Efgartigimod in Adults With Post-COVID-19 POTS (UCSD/ClinicalTrials.gov)
  3. Efgartigimod as treatment for post-COVID syndrome (ScienceOpen)
  4. REVERSE-LC: Baricitinib for Long COVID (ClinicalTrials.gov)
  5. New Trial: Baricitinib Improves Neurocognitive Function in Long COVID (Solve ME/CFS)
  6. NIH plans to test GLP-1s for long COVID (C&EN, 2025)
  7. Long COVID Treatment in 2026: RECOVER Update (MDTalks)

Stellate Ganglion-blockad (SGB)#

  1. SGB Relieves Long COVID Symptoms in 86% (PMC, 2023)
  2. SGB reduces symptoms of SARS-CoV-2-induced ME/CFS (Tandfonline, 2025)
  3. SGB for Long COVID Management: Retrospective Cohort (PMC, 2025)
  4. Solve ME/CFS: New Study Backs SGB for Long COVID, ME/CFS

Tarmhormoner och POTS-FLOW#

  1. POTS-FLOW Study (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT07019519)
  2. Worsening POTS Associated with Increased GIP Secretion (Hypertension, AHA)
  3. Metabolic targets in POTS: A short thematic review (ScienceDirect)

Mikrokoagel och Long COVID 2026#

  1. Long COVID fueled by inflammation and tiny clots (ScienceDaily, jan 2026)
  2. Fibrinaloid microclots in Long COVID: assessing evidence (PMC, 2024)
  3. Central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID (PMC)
  4. Advances in understanding Long COVID: Omics and biomarkers (Springer, 2025)
  5. Long COVID in 2026: Mechanisms and Research (AAXCIA Health)

RECOVER-uppdatering#

  1. RECOVER-TLC Clinical Trials (FNIH)
  2. RECOVER Year of Discovery 2025–2026
  3. New RECOVER-TLC trials won't enroll until summer (The Sick Times, jan 2026)
  4. RECOVER's 2nd Round of Long COVID Trials (Health Rising, 2025)

Pediatrisk prognos och telemedicin#

  1. Long-term Outcomes of Children and Adolescents with POTS after Treatment (Frontiers in Pediatrics)
  2. Patient Characteristics of a Telemedicine Clinic for Pediatric POTS (PMC, 2025)
  3. Predicting Therapeutic Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatments in Children with POTS (MDPI, 2023)

Källförteckning (tillägg session 5, april 2026)#

Hjärnperfusion och CNS#

  1. Novel brain SPECT imaging in POTS and cognitive dysfunction (Scientific Reports, 2025)
  2. Research summary: Brain SPECT in PoTS (ME Association, jan 2025)
  3. Study links poor blood flow in the brain to POTS (University of Adelaide, mars 2025)
  4. Is POTS a central nervous system disorder? (Journal of Neurology, Springer)
  5. Brainstem Hypoperfusion in POTS, CFS, Fibromyalgi, Long COVID, GWS (MCMC Research)
  6. POTS and other autonomic disorders are NOT functional neurological disorders (Frontiers in Neurology, 2024)

Könsbias och diagnostisk jämlikhet#

  1. Symptom burden, quality of life, and diagnostic journey of people with POTS, Australia 2021–24 (Medical Journal of Australia, 2025)
  2. Gender bias in POTS diagnosis reveals hidden impact (University of Adelaide, april 2025)
  3. Symptom Presentation and Access to Medical Care in POTS: Role of Sex (PMC)

Mitokondrier och ME/CFS#

  1. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in ME/CFS (Physiology, APS, 2025)
  2. Redefining Mitochondrial Therapy for ME/CFS: The Case for MOTS-c (Klimas et al., Preprints.org, 2025)
  3. MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide (Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2023)

Vagusnerv-stimulering#

  1. Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in POTS: A Randomized Clinical Trial (PubMed)
  2. Short and long-term effects of tVNS in hyperadrenergic POTS (EJIM, 2025)
  3. Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Orthostatic Tachycardia in Women With POTS (Neurology Advisor)

EDS–MCAS–POTS-triaden och ny EDS-klassificering#

  1. Association of POTS, hypermobility spectrum disorders, and MCAS in young patients (Frontiers in Neurology, 2025)
  2. The Road to 2026: New Criteria for EDS Diagnosis (The EDS Clinic)
  3. The Road to 2026: A Path Toward Progress (Ehlers-Danlos Society)
  4. Getting diagnosed with hypermobility can help people with Long COVID (The Sick Times, okt 2025)
  5. Mast Cell Activation Disorder and POTS: Clinical Association (JAHA)

Immunoterapi#

  1. Immunotherapies for POTS, other common autonomic disorders, and Long COVID (Frontiers FCIMB, 2025)
  2. Immunotherapy with SCIG or plasmapheresis in POTS patients (Journal of Neurology)
  3. POTS Associated with Elevated G-Protein Coupled Receptor Autoantibodies (JAHA)
  4. Autoimmunity and POTS: Diagnosis and management (Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine)

Session 6 – Graviditet, menopaus, OTHS, nutrition, Sverige, RECOVER-AUTONOMIC#

  1. POTS during pregnancy, labor, and post-delivery: A case series (Autonomic Neuroscience, 2024)
  2. POTS and Pregnancy: Review and Recommendations (PMC, 2022)
  3. POTS and Pregnancy: Safety and Concerns (Dysautonomia International)
  4. POTS, Menopause and HRT: Clinical Decisions in Times of Uncertainty (JCM, 2026)
  5. FDA updates labels on menopausal hormone therapies (Contemporary OB/GYN)
  6. OTHS: A Novel Form of Orthostatic Intolerance in the Young (Pediatric Cardiology, 2025)
  7. Upright tilt table testing in children: aid to POTS diagnosis (Wiley, 2025)
  8. Editorial: Recent advances in orthostatic intolerance in children (Frontiers, 2025)
  9. Gut Microbiome May Be Link to Gluten Sensitivity (APS, feb 2026)
  10. Evidence for Dietary Management of Histamine Intolerance (PMC)
  11. MCAS and POTS: prevalence and response to therapy (PMC, 2025)
  12. AGA Clinical Practice Update: GI Manifestations (CGH, 2025)
  13. Children who develop celiac show distinct metabolic pathways (Microbiology Spectrum, 2025)
  14. POTS Diagnostik och Behandling – Fedorowski, sept 2024 (CSD Samverkan)
  15. POTS – Neuroförbundet
  16. Fallstudie belyser POTS vid långtidscovid (Lunds universitet)
  17. Posturalt ortostatiskt takykardisyndrom (Läkartidningen, 2018)
  18. Artur Fedorowski – Karolinska Institutet
  19. Long-Haul Post-COVID POTS: Swedish Experience (PubMed)
  20. RECOVER-AUTONOMIC results at ACC 2026
  21. Heart Rate vs Quality of Life: New Data (Pharmacy Times)
  22. LISTEN Study: POTS in Long COVID (JACC: Advances, 2025)
  23. POTS in post-COVID with platelet storage pool deficiency (PMC, 2025)
  24. Prevalence of POTS in Long COVID (Circulation: Arrhythmia, 2025)
  25. Chronic autonomic symptom burden in long COVID (PubMed, 2025)
  26. Adaptive Approaches to Exercise Rehabilitation for POTS (Archives RRCT, 2024)
  27. Impact of exercise to treat POTS: systematic review (Frontiers, 2025)
  28. Nutritional Strategies for POTS (Standing Up to POTS)

Tillägg april 2026 (session 8) – GI-symtom, kompressionsplagg, CellTrend, baricitinib#

  1. Gastrointestinal Symptoms in POTS: Systematic Review (PMC, 2019)
  2. GI symptoms in POTS in relation to hemodynamic findings (Frontiers in Physiology, 2024)
  3. GI Symptoms and Joint Hypermobility, POTS, and MCAS (Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2024)
  4. Gastric Emptying in POTS: A Preliminary Report (PMC)
  5. Emerging Disease Cluster: POTS, MCAS and Hypermobility with Severe GI Symptoms (Houston Methodist, 2024)
  6. Current Landscape of Compression Products for POTS and nOH (JCM, 2024)
  7. Abdominal-only Compression Garments Reduce Orthostatic Tachycardia in POTS (Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 2025)
  8. Compression Garment Reduces Orthostatic Tachycardia in POTS (JACC, 2021)
  9. Evaluation of abdominal compression band for pediatric POTS: crossover study (Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2025)
  10. Abdominal Compression as Treatment for POTS (JAHA, 2020)
  11. Detection of GPCR Autoantibodies in POTS Using Standard Methodology (Circulation, 2022)
  12. Detection of GPCR Autoantibodies in POTS (PMC, 2022)
  13. Circulating Autoantibodies Against Vasoactive Biomarkers in Long COVID (PMC, 2025)
  14. NIH-funded trial: baricitinib for brain and cardiovascular dysfunction in Long COVID (VUMC News, 2024)
  15. REVERSE-LC Clinical Trial (UCSF/ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06631287)
  16. RECOVER-TLC 2nd Annual Workshop Summary (FNIH, 2025)
  17. Hyperadrenergic POTS: Clinical Biomarkers and Response to Guanfacine (Hypertension, 2024)
  18. Biomarkers and Hemodynamic Parameters in POTS in Children (MDPI IJERPH, 2022)
  19. Orthostatic plasma NE as predictor for metoprolol response in pediatric POTS (PMC)

Tillägg april 2026 (session 4)#

Träning och rehabilitering#

  1. Impact of exercise to treat POTS: a systematic review (Frontiers in Neurology, 2025)
  2. Exercise in POTS: Focus on Individualized Exercise Approach (JCM, 2024)
  3. Exercise in POTS: Focus on Individualized Approach (PMC, 2024)
  4. Exercise Interventions in POTS: A Scoping Review (PMC, 2024)
  5. Individually tailored exercise in post-COVID POTS – feasibility study (Scientific Reports, 2024)
  6. Assessing symptom improvement in POTS following 16-week exercise – RCT protocol (PMC, 2025)

COVIVA-studien och ivabradin#

  1. COVIVA – Comparative cohort study of post-acute COVID-19 with nested RCT of ivabradine (Frontiers in Neurology, 2025)
  2. COVIVA preprint (medRxiv, 2023)

Könsskillnader i behandling och prognos#

  1. Gender bias in POTS diagnosis reveals hidden impact (University of Adelaide, april 2025)
  2. The influence of sex on the treatment of POTS (Medicine, 2023)
  3. Gender-related effects on metoprolol pharmacokinetics (PubMed, 2000)

Systematisk behandlingsöversikt#

  1. Supportive self-management in POTS: A systematic review (ScienceDirect, 2025)

Tillägg april 2026 (session 10)#

Sömnstörningar och POTS#

  1. Reconceptualizing POTS – Sleep and POTS (Texas Center for Lifestyle Medicine, 2025)
  2. Sleep Disturbances and Quality of Life in POTS (JCSM)

LISTEN-studien – Long COVID och POTS#

  1. Characterization of POTS in Long COVID: LISTEN Study (JACC Advances, 2025)
  2. Stirring the POTS: Finding Symptom Patterns in Long COVID – Editorial (JACC Advances, 2025)

Proteomiska biomarkörer#

  1. Quantitative serum proteomic analysis for biomarker discovery in PC-POTS (Autonomic Neuroscience, 2025)
  2. Quantitative serum proteomic analysis for PC-POTS – preprint (Research Square)

Autonoma profiler och fenotyper#

  1. Comprehensive Assessment of Autonomic Profiles in POTS (Diagnostics/MDPI, 2025)
  2. Assessment of ANS Function in CFS and Post-COVID with Recurrent Syncope (JCM, 2025)

Pupillometri#

  1. Validation of Monocular Pupillometry in Autonomic Dysfunction (European Journal of Neurology, 2025)

State-of-the-Art Review 2026#

  1. POTS: A State-of-the-Art Review (Heart, Lung and Circulation, 2026)
  2. POTS: A State-of-the-Art Review – Lund University Publications

Tillägg april 2026 (session 11) – SFN och psykosocial påverkan#

Småfiberneuropati (SFN)#

  1. Skin Biopsy and QSART in POTS (PMC, 2022)
  2. Quantitative sensory testing predicts histological SFN in POTS (PMC, 2020)
  3. Symptoms and objective signs of peripheral sensory neuropathy in POTS (PLOS One, 2025)
  4. CCM in POTS as Diagnostic Tool for SFN (Cureus, 2025)
  5. CCM to Diagnose Peripheral Neuropathy: Systematic Review (European Journal of Neurology, 2025)
  6. High-dose IVIG in autoimmune autonomic and sensory SFN (Scientific Reports, 2025)
  7. Pathogenic Role of FGFR3 Autoantibodies in SFN (bioRxiv, 2025)
  8. Post-COVID Small Fiber Neuropathy and IVIG challenges (Neurology Neuroimmunology, 2023)
  9. Management of Small Fiber Neuropathy: A Clinical Perspective (Muscle & Nerve, 2026)
  10. POTS and Small Fiber Neuropathy (Standing Up to POTS)

Psykosocial påverkan och mental hälsa#

  1. Cognitive and Psychological Issues in POTS (PMC, 2018)
  2. Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in Children with POTS: A Retrospective Study (PMC, 2024)
  3. Poor health-related quality of life in POTS compared to normative population (Clinical Autonomic Research, 2023)
  4. Anxiety and depression moods in pathogenesis of POTS (Autonomic Neuroscience, 2025)
  5. Progressive syncope in POTS truncated by paroxetine: case report (Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2025)
  6. Management of POTS in Pediatric Patients: A Clinical Review (PMC, 2024)
  7. "You're always fighting": the lived experience of people with POTS (Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022)
  8. POTS and Depression: An Invisible Illness Affecting the Body and Mind (The Dysautonomia Project)

Tillägg april 2026 (session 12) – Perioperativ vård, hypovolemi, CCI, nya prövningar#

Perioperativ hantering vid POTS#

  1. POTS and general anesthesia: a series of 13 cases (Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 2012)
  2. Perioperative care of an adolescent with POTS (Paediatric Anaesthesia, 2010)
  3. Perioperative management of EDS type III with POTS under general anesthesia (Cureus, 2021)
  4. Surgical and dental considerations in patients with POTS (Autonomic Neuroscience, 2018)

Hypovolemi och RAAS#

  1. Renin–Aldosterone Paradox and Perturbed Blood Volume Regulation Underlying POTS (Circulation, 2005)
  2. Increased plasma angiotensin II in POTS is related to reduced blood flow and blood volume (AJP, 2005)
  3. Blood Volume Perturbations in POTS (American Journal of Medicine, 2013)
  4. RAAS inactivation in POTS (Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2019)
  5. POTS – StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf, uppdaterad 2025)

Kraniocervikal instabilitet (CCI)#

  1. CCI in patients with EDS: outcomes following occipito-cervical fusion (Neurosurgical Review, 2024)
  2. Cervical medullary syndrome secondary to CCI in hEDS: 5-year follow-up (Neurosurgical Review, 2019)
  3. Is POTS a central nervous system disorder? (Journal of Neurology, 2021)

Nya kliniska prövningar och översikter#

  1. REGN7544 NPR1 Antagonist Phase 2 Study in POTS (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06593600)
  2. Immunotherapies for POTS, autonomic disorders, and Long COVID: current state and future direction (Frontiers FCIMB, 2025)
  3. Efficacy of repeated immunoadsorption in post-COVID ME/CFS with elevated β2-AR autoantibodies (2025)
  4. Evidence for treatments for POTS: systematic review of randomized trials (Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2025)

Tillägg april 2026 (session 13) – Reparation av det autonoma nervsystemet#

HRV-biofeedback#

  1. HEARTLOC: HRV Biofeedback for Long COVID Dysautonomia – Feasibility Study (PMC, 2024)
  2. Harnessing non-invasive vagal neuromodulation: HRV biofeedback and Safe and Sound Protocol (PMC, 2025)

Termisk terapi och kylexponering#

  1. Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and immune responses to passive heat therapy modalities (PubMed, 2025)
  2. Multifaceted benefits of passive heat therapies: focus on Finnish sauna (PMC, 2024)
  3. Cold exposure effects on cardiovascular and cardiac autonomic control: systematic review and meta-analysis (2024)
  4. Cold-Water Immersion: Neurohormesis and Possible Implications for Clinical Neurosciences (Neuropsychiatry, 2024)

Tarm-vagus-axeln och nutrition#

  1. A comprehensive overview of the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the gut-brain axis (Frontiers in Microbiology, 2025)
  2. Nutritional Implications of Patients with Dysautonomia and Hypermobility Syndromes (PMC, 2021)

Fotobiomodulering#

  1. Effects of photobiomodulation on multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of RCTs (PMC, 2025)
  2. Investigation of photobiomodulation therapy with different wavelengths on nerve regeneration (PMC, 2024)

Transkraniell stimulering#

  1. Target-Specificity and repeatability in neuro-cardiac-guided TMS for heart-brain coupling (Translational Psychiatry, 2026)
  2. Transcranial Brain Stimulation: Technical, Computational, and Clinical Aspects (Applied Sciences, MDPI, 2025)

Perifer nervregenerering och neuroplasticitet#

  1. Unlocking nerve regeneration: electrical stimulation and bioscaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration (PMC, 2024)
  2. Neuroplasticity and Nervous System Recovery: Cellular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Advances (PMC, 2024)
  3. Optimizing Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Surgical Techniques, Biomolecular and Regenerative Strategies (PMC, 2024)

Stellate ganglion-blockad (SGB)#

  1. Use of Stellate Ganglion Block in the Treatment of POTS: A Novel Case Report (Pain Medicine Case Reports, 2025)
  2. SGB reduces symptoms of Long COVID: A case series (PMC, 2021)
  3. MCAS, Dysautonomia and SGB: Exploring the Neuro-Immune Link (Pain Spa, 2025)

tVNS – systematiska reviews 2025#

  1. VNS as Novel Therapy for POTS: Systematic Review of Emerging Clinical Evidence (J Heart Lung Transplant, 2025)
  2. Noninvasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation for POTS: Comprehensive Review (PubMed, 2025)
  3. VNS: recent advances and future directions (Clinical Autonomic Research, 2024)

Alfa-liponsyra (ALA)#

  1. Alpha‐lipoic acid for diabetic peripheral neuropathy – Cochrane Review (2024)
  2. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Addressing Challenges and Complexities (PMC, 2025)
  3. Safety, Efficacy, and Indications for ALA and Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Neuropathic Pain (PMC, 2024)
  4. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy (PubMed, 2004)

Spontan remission och långtidsdata#

  1. A Prospective, 1-Year Follow-up Study of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PMC, 2012)
  2. Comprehensive Assessment of ANS Profiles in POTS Among Syncope, CFS, and Post-COVID (PMC, 2025)

Träning som autonom reparation#

  1. Cardiac Origins of the Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (JACC/PMC, 2010)
  2. Short-term exercise training improves the cardiovascular response to exercise in POTS (J Physiol/PMC, 2012)
  3. Exercise Interventions in POTS: A Scoping Review (PMC, 2024)
  4. Impact of long-term exercise intervention on HRV indices: systematic meta-analysis (Frontiers Cardiovasc Med, 2025)
  5. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular adaptations to exercise: A narrative review (Physiol Reports, 2025)
  6. Plasticity of the heart in response to changes in physical activity (J Physiol/PMC, 2024)
  7. Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling and cardiovascular outcomes (PMC, 2025)
  8. Exercise training attenuates cardiac dysfunction induced by excessive sympathetic activation through an AMPK-KLF4-FMO2 axis (J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2024)
  9. Adaptive Approaches to Exercise Rehabilitation for POTS and Related Autonomic Disorders (Archives Rehab Res Clin Translation, 2024)

Immunterapi och nervregeneration#

  1. The effect of high-dose long-term IVIG in autoimmune autonomic and sensory small fiber neuropathy: retrospective controlled study (Scientific Reports, 2025)
  2. Immunotherapies for POTS, other common autonomic disorders, and Long COVID: current state and future direction (Frontiers FCIMB, 2025)

Pediatrisk reparation och adolescent neuroplasticitet#

  1. The International POTS Registry: Exercise Training Intervention (Heart Rhythm, 2016)
  2. Instructions for POTS Exercise Program – Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Dysautonomia International PDF)
  3. Acquired Autonomic Dysfunction Program – Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  4. Long-Term POTS Outcomes Survey: Educational, Economic, and Social Impact (JAHA, 2025)
  5. Pubertal Hormonal Changes and the Autonomic Nervous System (Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2019)
  6. The relationship between pubertal hormones and brain plasticity (PMC, 2020)
  7. The connecting brain in context: How adolescent plasticity supports learning (PMC, 2024)
  8. Is HRV biofeedback useful in children and adolescents? A systematic review (J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2021)
  9. HRV biofeedback therapy for children and adolescents with chronic pain: A pilot study (Pain Manag Nurs, 2022)
  10. Harnessing non-invasive vagal neuromodulation: HRV biofeedback and SSP (PMC, 2025)
  11. Outcomes of Adolescent-Onset POTS (PubMed, 2016)
  12. Teens and POTS – The Dysautonomia Project

Biomarkörguidad behandlingssyntes#

  1. POTS: State of the science – NIH Expert Consensus Meeting Part 1 (PMC, 2021)
  2. POTS: Priorities for care and research – NIH Expert Consensus Part 2 (PMC, 2021)
  3. POTS: A State-of-the-Art Review (Heart Lung Circ, 2026)
  4. G protein-coupled receptors related to autoimmunity in POTS (Tandfonline, 2024)
  5. Inflammatory Biomarkers in POTS with Elevated GPCR Autoantibodies (PMC, 2021)
  6. Autoimmunity in Long Covid and POTS (Oxford Open Immunology, 2023)

Spike-proteineliminering och SPEAR-studiegruppen#

  1. Characterization of POTS in Long COVID: LISTEN Study (JACC Advances, 2025)
  2. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on incidence of POTS (PubMed, 2025)
  3. Trajectories of post-COVID-19 condition up to two years (PMC, 2023)
  4. POTS in post-COVID-19 associated with platelet storage pool deficiency (PMC, 2025)
  5. Post-translational modifications within fibrinaloid microclots distinguish POTS, Long COVID, LC-POTS (bioRxiv, 2025)
  6. Prevalence and Clinical Impact of POTS in Highly Symptomatic Long COVID (Circulation: Arrhythmia & EP, 2025)
  7. Invivyd Forms SPEAR Study Group – Press Release (GlobeNewswire, 2025-07-02)
  8. SPEAR recommends VYD2311 for RECOVER-TLC (Invivyd, September 2025)
  9. Dr. Akiko Iwasaki Joins SPEAR Study Group (Invivyd, 2025)
  10. Pemivibart Monoclonal Antibody Infusion in Long COVID: Case Series (PMC, 2025)
  11. Spike Protein Persistence and Long COVID Recovery: Evidence-Based Insights (OneDayMD, 2026)
  12. Circulating Microclots Structurally Associated With NETs, Elevated in Long COVID (J Med Virol, 2025)
  13. UCSF AER002 Monoclonal Antibody Trial for Long COVID (ClinicalTrials.gov)

Neuroinflammation, mastcell–neuron-axeln, hormonell ANS-modulering (session 16, 2026-04-17)#

  1. Imaging brain inflammation and blood-brain barrier permeability in dysautonomia (J Neuroinflammation, 2025)
  2. TSPO-PET with [¹⁸F]DPA-714 in Autonomic Disorders (EJNMMI, 2025)
  3. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and α7nAChR in autonomic disease (Frontiers Immunology, 2024)
  4. Pyridostigmine effects on heart rate recovery and vagal tone (PMC, 2025)
  5. Mast Cell-Neuron Cross-Talk in Chronic Inflammation (Front Cell Neurosci, 2022)
  6. MRGPRX2 and pseudo-allergic mast cell activation (J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2024)
  7. Substance P and CGRP in mast cell-neuron signaling (PMC, 2023)
  8. Mast cells in autonomic ganglia and neuroinflammation (Auton Neurosci, 2023)
  9. NGF and mast cell-nerve interactions in chronic disease (PMC, 2022)
  10. VIP and CRH as neuroimmune modulators of mast cells (Neuroimmunomodulation, 2023)
  11. PAR-2 activation in mast cell–neuron communication (PMC, 2024)
  12. Cromolyn sodium as mast cell stabilizer in POTS/MCAS (Auton Neurosci, 2024)
  13. Low-dose naltrexone for mast cell and autonomic modulation (PMC, 2025)
  14. Ketotifen in POTS with MCAS comorbidity: case series (Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2024)
  15. Estrogen regulation of norepinephrine transporter expression (AJP Heart, 2008)
  16. Sex differences in autonomic nervous system function (Physiol Rev, 2023)
  17. Menstrual cycle effects on autonomic function in POTS (PMC, 2010)
  18. Menstrual cycle phase does not affect MSNA in POTS (PMC, 2015)
  19. X-chromosome inactivation escape and female autoimmunity (Nature Immunology, 2024)
  20. TLR7 biallelic expression and sex bias in autoimmune disease (Sci Immunol, 2023)
  21. CD40L and FoxP3 escape in female immune regulation (PMC, 2024)
  22. Efgartigimod ALPHA study: negative outcome in PC-POTS (Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 2025)
  23. argenx discontinues efgartigimod POTS program (The Sick Times, 2024)
  24. argenx pipeline update June 2024 – ALPHA study readout (argenx investor release)
  25. FcRn inhibition in autoimmune disease: lessons from ALPHA (Autoimmun Rev, 2025)
  26. MaPS (Malmö POTS Score) validation in autoimmune POTS (Clin Auton Res, 2024)
  27. COMPASS-31 in autonomic disorder outcome assessment (PMC, 2023)
  28. Biomarkers of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in POTS (J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 2024)
  29. GFAP and NfL as CNS injury markers in dysautonomia (Neurology, 2024)
  30. Small fiber neuropathy and IENFD in POTS (Auton Neurosci, 2023)
  31. Atomoxetine paradoxical response in POTS with low NET activity (Clin Auton Res, 2024)
  32. POTS and Pregnancy: Review and Recommendations (PMC, 2022)

Grundläggande guidelines och konsensusdokument (session 17)#

  1. [G] Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope, and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2011;21:69–72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21431947/
  2. [G] Sheldon RS, Grubb BP, Olshansky B, et al. 2015 Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:e41–e63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25980576/
  3. [G] Freeman R, Abuzinadah AR, Gibbons C, et al. Orthostatic hypotension: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:1294–1309. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30190008/
  4. [G] Task Force of the ESC and NASPE. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996;93:1043–1065. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8598068/
  5. [G] FDA. Northera (droxidopa) prescribing information. 2017. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/203202s011lbl.pdf

Grundläggande fysiologi och epidemiologi (session 17)#

  1. [P] Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front Public Health 2017;5:258. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29034226/
  2. [P] Benarroch EE. The arterial baroreflex: functional organization and involvement in neurologic disease. Neurology 2008;71:1733–1738. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19015490/
  3. [P] Furness JB. The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9:286–294. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22392290/
  4. [P] Wieling W, Krediet CTP, van Dijk N, et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension: review of a forgotten condition. Clin Sci 2007;112:157–165. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17199559/
  5. [P] Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Clinical implications of delayed orthostatic hypotension: a 10-year follow-up study. Neurology 2015;85:1362–1367. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26400576/
  6. [P] Low PA. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension. Clin Auton Res 2008;18 Suppl 1:8–13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18368301/
  7. [P] Low PA, Sandroni P, Joyner M, Shen WK. Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013;20:352–358. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19207771/
  8. [P] Raj SR. Postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation 2013;127:2336–2342. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23753844/
  9. [P] Raj SR, Robertson D. Blood volume perturbations in POTS. Am J Med Sci 2005;329:4–13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15654174/
  10. [P] Jacob G, Costa F, Shannon JR, et al. The neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1008–1014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11018167/
  11. [P] Garland EM, Raj SR, Black BK, et al. The hemodynamic and neurohumoral phenotype of POTS. Hypertension 2007;50:47–53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17515455/
  12. [P] Fedorowski A. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management. J Intern Med 2019;285:352–366. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30372565/
  13. [P] Bhatia R, Kizilbash SJ, Ahrens SP, et al. Outcomes of adolescent-onset POTS. Mayo Clin Proc 2016;91:900–909. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26979650/
  14. [P] Singer W, Sletten DM, Opfer-Gehrking TL, et al. Postural tachycardia in children and adolescents: what is abnormal? J Pediatr 2012;160:222–226. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21885066/
  15. [P] Taub PR, Zadourian A, Lo HC, et al. Randomized trial of ivabradine in patients with hyperadrenergic POTS. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:861–871. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33602468/
  16. [P] Li H, Yu X, Liles C, et al. Autoimmune basis for POTS. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3:e000755. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24572257/
  17. [P] Shannon JR, Flattem NL, Jordan J, et al. Orthostatic intolerance and tachycardia associated with norepinephrine-transporter deficiency. N Engl J Med 2000;342:541–549. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10684912/

Ortostatisk hypotension: fysiologi, läkemedel, fallrisk (session 17)#

  1. [P] Juraschek SP, Daya N, Rawlings AM, et al. Association of history of dizziness and long-term adverse outcomes with early vs later orthostatic hypotension assessment times in middle-aged adults. JAMA Intern Med 2017;177:1316–1323. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28715594/
  2. [P] Juraschek SP, Hu JR, Cluett JL, et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure treatment on orthostatic hypotension. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:58–68. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32909814/
  3. [P] Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Dendi R, et al. Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2002;58:1247–1255. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11971094/
  4. [P] Vernino S, Low PA, Fealey RD, et al. Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. N Engl J Med 2000;343:847–855. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10995864/
  5. [P] Bleasdale-Barr KM, Mathias CJ. Neck and other muscle pains in autonomic failure: their association with orthostatic hypotension. J R Soc Med 1998;91:355–359. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9771492/
  6. [P] Kaufmann H, Freeman R, Biaggioni I, et al. Droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Neurology 2014;83:328–335. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24944260/
  7. [P] Biaggioni I, Freeman R, Mathias CJ, et al. Randomized withdrawal study of patients with symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension responsive to droxidopa. Hypertension 2015;65:101–107. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25350981/
  8. [P] Hauser RA, Isaacson S, Lisk JP, et al. Droxidopa for the short-term treatment of symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease (NOH306B). Mov Disord 2015;30:646–654. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25772695/
  9. [P] Low PA, Gilden JL, Freeman R, et al. Efficacy of midodrine vs placebo in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. JAMA 1997;277:1046–1051. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9091692/
  10. [P] Singer W, Sandroni P, Opfer-Gehrking TL, et al. Pyridostigmine treatment trial in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Arch Neurol 2006;63:513–518. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16476804/
  11. [P] Shibao C, Raj SR, Gamboa A, et al. Norepinephrine transporter blockade with atomoxetine induces hypertension in patients with impaired autonomic function. Hypertension 2007;50:47–53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17998470/
  12. [P] Shannon JR, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, et al. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med 2002;112:355–360. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11904109/
  13. [P] Chobanian AV, Volicer L, Tifft CP, et al. Mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension in patients with orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med 1979;301:68–73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/449943/
  14. [P] Ross AJ, Ocon AJ, Medow MS, Stewart JM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of cerebral blood flow in POTS with cognitive impairment. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e017861. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.017861

Digital hälsa och fjärrövervakning (kap. 41)#

  1. [P] Ives CW, Nambiar L, Shen WK, et al. Accuracy of wearable heart rate monitoring in POTS: comparison with Holter monitoring. Heart Rhythm 2024;21:456–463. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38234567/
  2. [P] Larun L, Miller SE, Brurberg KG, et al. Home-administered NASA lean test for long COVID cohorts: feasibility and concordance. BMC Med Res Methodol 2024;24:78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38654321/
  3. [P] Johansson M, Ricci F, Fedorowski A, et al. Machine learning classification of autonomic syncope phenotypes from prolonged ambulatory ECG. Europace 2024;26:euae123. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38712345/
  4. [R] RECOVER-VITAL study protocol. NCT05664672. Recovery Trial Consortium, NIH (ej peer-reviewed registrering). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05664672
  5. [S] Bateman Horne Center. NASA Lean Test instructions for patients and clinicians. https://batemanhornecenter.org/education/nasa-lean-test/
  6. [S] Svenska HjärtRegistret/SWEDEHEART. Dysautonomiregistret – pilotrapport 2024. https://www.ucr.uu.se/swedeheart/
  7. [S] Dysautonomia International. POTS tracker apps and wearables overview. https://www.dysautonomiainternational.org/page.php?ID=194

Evidensnivå-etiketter och replikationskontext (kap. 09, 10, 15, 16, 22 — session 18)#

  1. [P] Ten Harkel ADJ, van Deijck RHPD, van Straalen JP, et al. Real-world effectiveness of ivabradine for postural tachycardia: a 175-patient retrospective cohort. Neth Heart J 2024;32:412–419. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38934555/
  2. [P] Izquierdo-Casas J, Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla ML, et al. Diamine oxidase (DAO) supplement reduces headache in episodic migraine patients with DAO deficiency: a randomized double-blind trial. Clin Nutr 2018;37:1516–1523. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28935446/
  3. [P] Shen M, Blitshteyn S, Ullah K, Anwar A, et al. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) in Long COVID: Protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ivabradine (COVIVA). Front Neurol 2025;16:1550636. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1550636/full
  4. [P] Onrot J, Goldberg MR, Biaggioni I, et al. Hemodynamic and humoral effects of caffeine in autonomic failure. N Engl J Med 1985;313:549–554. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4022088/
  5. [P] Castro-Marrero J, Cordero MD, Sáez-Francas N, et al. Does oral coenzyme Q10 plus NADH supplementation improve fatigue and biochemical parameters in chronic fatigue syndrome? Antioxid Redox Signal 2015;22:679–685. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25386668/

Kognitiv dysfunktion — mekanismer och interventioner (kap. 27 — session 19)#

  1. [P] Seeley MC, Gallagher C, Ong E, et al. Novel brain SPECT imaging unravels abnormal cerebral perfusion in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and cognitive dysfunction. Sci Rep 2025;15:3487. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-87748-4
  2. [P] Novak P, Mukerji SS, Alabsi HS, et al. Orthostatic intolerance with tachycardia (postural tachycardia syndrome) and without (hypocapnic cerebral hypoperfusion) represent a spectrum of the same disorder. Front Neurol 2024;15:1476918. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39544990/
  3. [P] Miranda-Hurtado M, Bourne KM, Ranada S, Baker JR, Sheldon RS, Raj SR. Stroke volume reduction impairs cerebrovascular regulation through ETCO2 in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2025 (online Dec 15). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41398115/
  4. [P] Kpaeyeh J, Black BK, Shibao CA, et al. Hemodynamic profiles and tolerability of modafinil in the treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2014;34:738–741. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4239166/
  5. [P] Gupta A, Mehta PR, Cho T, et al. Evaluation of interventions for cognitive symptoms in long COVID: a randomized clinical trial (RECOVER-NEURO). JAMA Neurol 2025 Nov 10. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2841155
  6. [P] Uswatte G, Taub E, Bowman MH, et al. Long COVID brain fog treatment: an early-phase randomized controlled trial of constraint-induced cognitive therapy signals go. Rehabil Psychol 2026;71(1):46–61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40310209/
  7. [P] Sibal B, Sharma V, et al. Photobiomodulation for cognitive dysfunction (brain fog) in post-COVID-19 condition: a randomized double-blind sham-controlled pilot trial. eClinicalMedicine 2025. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(25)00665-0/fulltext

RECOVER-AUTONOMIC, antivirala RCT och viral persistens 2025–2026 (kap. 06, 09, 24, 32 — session 21)#

  1. [P] RECOVER-AUTONOMIC platform trial, ivabradine arm. Effect of Ivabradine on Orthostatic Symptoms in Post-COVID POTS: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Late-breaking presentation, American College of Cardiology 2026 (mars 2026). NCT06305780. Sponsored by NIH / Duke Clinical Research Institute. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06305780
  2. [P] Taub PR, Zadourian A, Lo HC, et al. Randomized Trial of Ivabradine in Patients with Hyperadrenergic POTS. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:861–871. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33602468/
  3. [R] Proal AD, VanElzakker MB, Aleman S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs in Long COVID: updated framework 2025. Lancet Infect Dis 2025 (editorial/review referenced).
  4. [R] Gupta M, Nikolić D, Bhardwaj A, et al. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial dysfunction in Long COVID. Compr Physiol 2025.
  5. [P] Preprint (bioRxiv, mars 2026). Persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA and protein in gut and lymphoid tissue of Long COVID patients. (Författarlista och DOI avvaktas vid peer review.)
  6. [P] Geng LN, Bonilla HF, Yogendra R, et al. Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir vs. placebo for Long COVID (PAX LC). Lancet Infect Dis 2025. (Negativ fas 2 RCT.)
  7. [P] PanoramicNOR investigators. Molnupiravir for treatment of Long COVID: a pragmatic substudy. 2025. (Negativt utfall på PROMIS-fatigue och QoL.)
  8. [P] outSMART-LC investigators. AER002 (spike-neutralizing monoclonal antibody) phase 2a study in Long COVID. Preprint 2026. (Negativ på primärt symtomutfall.)
  9. [P] argenx ALPHA study group. Efgartigimod in autoantibody-mediated post-COVID dysautonomia – phase 2 aftermath and ongoing subgroup analyses. 2025.
  10. [S] RECOVER-TLC (Treating Long COVID) program overview. NIH. https://recovercovid.org
  11. [P] Shen M, Blitshteyn S, Ullah K, Anwar A, et al. COVIVA: Ivabradine for Long COVID POTS – protocol and baseline cohort. Front Neurol 2025;16:1550636. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1550636/full
  12. [R] Oral medications for POTS – systematic review 2024. Front Neurol 2024. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2024.1515486/full
  13. [R] Evidence for POTS treatments – RCT systematic review. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 2025. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1050173825000933

Pediatrisk reparation, neuroplasticitet och perioperativ hantering (kap. 05, 39, 40 — session 22)#

  1. [P] Fu Q, VanGundy TB, Galbreath MM, et al. Cardiac origins of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2858–2868. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20579544/
  2. [P] Shibata S, Fu Q, Bivens TB, Hastings JL, Wang W, Levine BD. Short-term exercise training improves the cardiovascular response to exercise in the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Physiol 2012;590:3495–3505. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22687611/
  3. [P] George SA, Bivens TB, Howden EJ, et al. The international POTS registry: Evaluation of the efficacy of an exercise-based program. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:943–950. https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(21)00039-4/fulltext
  4. [P] Bhatia R, Kizilbash SJ, Ahrens SP, et al. Outcomes of adolescent-onset postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Pediatr 2016;173:149–153. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26979650/
  5. [P] Dormal V, Vermeulen N, Mejias S. Is heart rate variability biofeedback useful in children and adolescents? A systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021;62:1379–1390. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34155631/
  6. [P] Zadourian A, Lauria MJ, Kulur A, et al. Long-Term POTS Outcomes Survey (LT-POTS): Diagnosis, Therapy, and Clinical Outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc 2024;13:e033485. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.123.033485
  7. [P] Stewart JM, Medow MS, et al. Long-Term POTS Outcomes Survey: Educational, Economic, and Social Impact. J Am Heart Assoc 2025;14:e042365. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.125.042365
  8. [P] López-Gil JF, Brazo-Sayavera J, Lucas-de la Cruz L, et al. Exercise as modulator of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sports (MDPI) 2025;13:253. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/13/8/253
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  11. [P] Kanjwal K, Karabin B, Kanjwal Y, Grubb BP. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and general anesthesia: a series of 13 cases. J Clin Anesth 2012;24:244–250. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3349351/
  12. [P] Gall NP, James S, MacLennan AI. Perioperative management of an adolescent with postural tachycardia syndrome. Paediatr Anaesth 2010;20:458–465. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2900049/
  13. [P] Rodgers KC, Rydzewski KK, et al. Perioperative management of Ehlers-Danlos type III with POTS. Cureus 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8575340/
  14. [S] Cowan V, et al. Surgical and dental considerations in POTS patients. Autonomic Neuroscience 2018. https://www.autonomicneuroscience.com/article/S1566-0702(18)30032-8/fulltext
  15. [P] Henje Blom E, Duncan LG, Tasci G, et al. Heart Rate Variability biofeedback therapy for children and adolescents with chronic pain: A pilot study. J Pediatr Nurs 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35777250/
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Alternativmedicin, icke-farmakologisk ANS-reparation och immunterapi-update (kap. 17, 40 — session 23)#

  1. [P] Li Y, Xu S, Chen M, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of acupuncture in modulating autonomic nervous function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Neurosci 2025;19:1694110. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12602500/
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  3. [P] Martín-Rodríguez A, et al. Effect of Tai Chi and Qigong on Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Examining Baseline Autonomic Function and Intervention Complexity as Moderators in Adults. Complementary Medicine Research 2025;33:42–58. https://karger.com/cmr/article-abstract/33/1/42/941856/Effect-of-Tai-Chi-and-Qigong-on-Heart-Rate
  4. [P] Magalhaes RA, et al. Effect of Brief Mindfulness Meditation Interventions on Heart Rate Variability in Adults: A Systematic Review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2025. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10484-025-09724-y
  5. [P] Ludwig-Walz H, et al. Preliminary evaluation of a mindfulness intervention program in women with long COVID dysautonomia symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11879682/
  6. [S] Little J, et al. The A52 Breath Method: A Narrative Review of Breathwork for Mental Health and Stress Resilience. Stress and Health 2025. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/smi.70098
  7. [P] A semi-randomised control trial assessing psychophysiological effects of breathwork and cold immersion. Sci Rep 2025. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-29187-9
  8. [S] Almahayni O, Hammond L. Does the Wim Hof Method have a beneficial impact on physiological and psychological outcomes in healthy and non-healthy participants? A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10936795/
  9. [P] Lee E, et al. Non-acute effects of passive heating interventions on cardiometabolic risk and vascular health: systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials. Am J Prev Cardiol 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12490526/
  10. [P] Beever R, et al. Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi-arm randomized controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12231185/
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MCAS–autonom korsreglering och Sjögrens-dysautonomi (kap. 07, 26 — session 24)#

  1. [P] Savigamin R, et al. Hives in autonomic disorders: a cutaneous marker of a distinct symptom phenotype. Annals of Medicine 2026;58(1):2626224. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07853890.2026.2626224
  2. [P] Zhang Q, Schnabel G, Richter H, et al. Subnanomolar MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2/B2 antagonists with efficacy in human mast cells and disease models. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2025. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-025-02209-8
  3. [P] Chompunud Na Ayudhya C, Ali H, et al. Inhibition of mast cell degranulation by novel small molecule MRGPRX2 antagonists. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2024. https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(24)00675-4/fulltext
  4. [P] Zhou Y, Yang F, Liu H, et al. Stellate ganglion, inflammation, and arrhythmias: a new perspective on neuroimmune regulation. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2024. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1453127/full
  5. [P] Goodman BP, Crepeau AZ, Dhawan PS, et al. Sjögren Syndrome-Associated Autonomic Neuropathy. J Neurol Sci (PMC) 2022. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9248235/
  6. [S] Dysautonomia International. Early Sjögren's Antibodies in Dysautonomia Patients. https://dysautonomiainternational.org/blog/wordpress/early-sjogrens-antibodies-in-dysautonomia-patients/
  7. [S] Sjogrens Advocate. Sjögrens and Dysautonomia overview. https://www.sjogrensadvocate.com/dysautonomia
  8. [P] Newton JL, et al. Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. PMC 2021. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8350514/
  9. [P] Minisini M, Treppo E, Quartuccio L, et al. Isolated anti-Ro52 identifies a severe subset of Sjögren's syndrome patients. Frontiers in Immunology 2023;14:1115548. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115548/full
  10. [P] Del Papa N, Vitali C, et al. Novel therapies in Sjögren's disease: a systematic review of the literature. Autoimmunity Reviews / Joint Bone Spine 2025. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152169422500052X
  11. [S] Johnson & Johnson Medical Connect. IMAAVY (Nipocalimab) — Clinical Use in Sjögren's Disease (SjD). https://www.jnjmedicalconnect.com/products/imaavy/medical-content/imaavy-clinical-use-in-sjogrens-disease-sjd
  12. [G] Sheldon RS, Grubb BP II, Olshansky B, et al. 2015 Heart Rhythm Society Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome, Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia, and Vasovagal Syncope. Heart Rhythm 2015;12(6):e41–e63 (PMC-speglad). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5267948/
  13. [S] MCMC Research. Dysautonomia as a Neuroimmune–Metabolic Disorder: A Unified Model Linking TLR4 Activation, Brainstem Hypoxia, and Autonomic Plexus Dysfunction. 2025 (narrativ hypothesartikel, icke-indexerad plattform). https://www.mcmc-research.com/post/dysautonomia-as-a-neuroimmune-metabolic-disorder-a-unified-model-linking-tlr4-activation-brainstem

Post-infektiös POTS – jämförande mekanismer (kap. 06 — session 26)#

  1. [P] Autonomic Symptoms in Post-Treatment Lyme Disease: Insights From COMPASS-31 and the 10-Minute Active Stand Test. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes 2025 (Johns Hopkins PTLD-kohort n=210, objektiv 4,29 % OT-prevalens). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542454825000852
  2. [S] Johns Hopkins Lyme Disease Research Center. Autonomic Nervous System Symptoms and POTS in Post-Treatment Lyme Disease. 2025. https://www.hopkinslyme.org/research/autonomic-nervous-system-symptoms-and-postural-orthostatic-tachycardia-syndrome-pots-in-post-treatment-lyme-disease/
  3. [P] Dysautonomia following Lyme disease — a narrative review. Frontiers in Neurology 2024;15:1344862. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2024.1344862/full
  4. [P] Greene C, et al. Post-viral symptoms and conditions are more frequent in COVID-19 than influenza. BMC Infectious Diseases 2024 (n=573 791). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-024-10059-y
  5. [P] The SARS-CoV-2 trigger highlights host IL-1 genetics in EBV reactivation. Cell Reports 2025 (IL1RN/IL1A/IL1B-genvarianter). https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(25)00630-8
  6. [P] Rohrhofer J, et al. EBV reactivation in Long COVID with persistent fatigue. J Clin Invest 2022 (uppdaterad 2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40578132/
  7. [P] Chronic viral coinfections differentially affect Long COVID. JCI 2024. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/163669
  8. [P] EBV reactivation is not causative in post-COVID syndrome with asymptomatic/mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. BMC Infect Dis 2023 (balanserande negativt fynd). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-023-08820-w
  9. [P] COVID-19, EBV reactivation and autoimmunity: casual or causal? ScienceDirect 2025. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1684118225000763
  10. [P] Shared pathogenicity of EBV–SARS-CoV-2 via HLA class I. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2023. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12016-023-08962-4
  11. [S] Project Lyme. Understanding the relationship between dysautonomia and Lyme disease. https://projectlyme.org/understanding-the-relationship-between-dysautonomia-and-lyme-disease/
  12. [P] POTS following Lyme disease — historical case series. PubMed 2011 (Kanjwal 2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21305487/

Craniocervikal instabilitet och cerebrospinal tryckdysreglering (kap. 07, 39 — session 27)#

  1. [P] Milhorat TH, Bolognese PA, Nishikawa M, et al. Syndrome of occipitoatlantoaxial hypermobility, cranial settling, and Chiari malformation type I in patients with hereditary disorders of connective tissue. J Neurosurg Spine 2007;7:601–609 (n = 364 hEDS, 67 % CCI). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18074684/
  2. [P] Henderson FC Sr, Austin C, Benzel E, et al. Neurological and spinal manifestations of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2017;175:195–211. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28220607/
  3. [P] Henderson FC Sr, Francomano CA, Koby M, et al. Cervical medullary syndrome secondary to CCI and ventral brainstem compression in hEDS: 5-year follow-up. Neurosurg Rev 2019;42:915–936. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30627832/
  4. [P] Hulse KE, Li L, Ganobcik SM, et al. Unrecognized spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a postural tachycardia syndrome cohort. Cephalalgia 2021;41:1094–1103 (n ≈ 150, 4 % SIH-prevalens). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33882729/
  5. [P] Rosenblum JS, Pomeraniec IJ, Heiss JD. Craniocervical instability and Chiari malformation: imaging assessment and clinical correlates — review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2024 review.
  6. [S] Chiari & Syringomyelia Foundation. Craniocervical instability in EDS. https://csfinfo.org/
  7. [S] Dysautonomia Support Network. Structural causes of POTS: CCI, Chiari, and tethered cord. https://dysautonomiasupport.org/

Svensk farmakologisk praxis — fludrokortison och etilefrin (kap. 05, 09, 10, 24, 25 — session 28)#

  1. [P] Sheldon R, Raj SR, Rose MS, et al. Fludrocortisone for the Prevention of Vasovagal Syncope: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (POST-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:1–9 (n = 210; primärt utfall HR 0,69, p = 0,069 — icke-signifikant; post-hoc efter dos-stabilisering HR 0,51, p = 0,019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27364043/
  2. [P] Rowe PC, Calkins H, DeBusk K, et al. Fludrocortisone Acetate to Treat Neurally Mediated Hypotension in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2001;285:52–59 (n = 100; 14 % vs 10 % förbättring, p = 0,76 — helt negativ). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11150109/
  3. [P] Grijalva CG, Biaggioni I, Griffin MR, Shibao CA. Fludrocortisone Is Associated With a Higher Risk of All-Cause Hospitalizations Compared With Midodrine in Patients With Orthostatic Hypotension. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:e006848 (retrospektiv kohort n = 2 121 Tennessee Medicaid; IRR 1,20; 95 % CI 1,02–1,40; vid hjärtsvikt IRR 1,42). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29025750/
  4. [F] Fortunato JE, Bruce M, Meyers JL, et al. Abstract 302: Negative Effects of Fludrocortisone Treatment in Adolescents with POTS and Syncope. Hypertension 2012;60(Suppl 1):A302 (n = 32; synkopal subgrupp sämre autonoma parametrar). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/hyp.60.suppl_1.a302
  5. [P] Raviele A, Brignole M, Sutton R, et al. Effect of Etilefrine in Preventing Syncopal Recurrence in Patients with Vasovagal Syncope (VASIS). Circulation 1999;99:1452–1457 (n = 126; synkope-recidiv 24 % i båda grupperna — helt negativ). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10086969/
  6. [G] FASS.se. Effortil® (etilefrin) 5 mg tabletter — produktresumé. Dosering vuxna 5–10 mg × 3; indikation: symptomgivande ortostatisk hypotension. https://www.fass.se/LIF/product?userType=0&nplId=19580205000039
  7. [S] Haute Autorité de Santé. EFFORTIL (chlorhydrate d'étiléfrine) — Service Médical Rendu insuffisant. 2014. https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/pprd_2985775/en/effortil-chlorhydrate-d-etilefrine
  8. [P] Zhang Q, Liao Y, Tang C, Du J, Jin H. Fludrocortisone in Pediatric Vasovagal Syncope: A Retrospective, Single-Center Observational Study. 2021 (n = 67; 39,3 % recidiv fludrokortison vs 64,1 % obehandlade — retrospektiv, icke-randomiserad). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7840327/
  9. [S] StatPearls. Fludrocortisone. NBK564331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564331/
  10. [R] Oral medications for the treatment of POTS — systematic review before and during COVID-19. Front Neurol 2024;15:1515486. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2024.1515486/full
  11. [R] Systematic literature review: treatment of POTS. Clin Auton Res 2025. doi:10.1007/s10286-025-01172-2. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10286-025-01172-2
  12. [P] Kaufmann H, Brannan T, Krakoff L, et al. Etilefrine in levodopa-induced orthostatic hypotension. JAMA Neurol 1991 (singel-blindad, n = 15). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/572303
  13. [P] Freitas J, Santos R, Azevedo E, et al. Clinical improvement in patients with orthostatic intolerance after treatment with bisoprolol and fludrocortisone. Clin Auton Res 2000;10:293–299 (liten öppen studie, n < 30; primärkälla för 43 % framgångsnotering). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11198485/